Author: Rahul

Bash, the Bourne Again SHell, is an incredibly powerful tool for managing and manipulating data. It offers a rich array of features, one of which is the ‘Here String’ (

The Linux environment is known for its strong structure, detailed control, and many useful tools. One interesting part is the /dev/null file. It may seem confusing, but it is important in Linux for managing processes. This article will explain what /dev/null is, its purpose, and how it is used in Linux. Understanding the Linux File System Before talking about /dev/null, it’s important to understand the Linux file system. In Linux, everything is treated as a file—hardware, directories, and even processes. This way, users and programs can interact with everything using simple commands like read, write, or delete. The /dev directory…

Bash, the Bourne-Again Shell, is a very flexible and powerful command language interpreter used in Unix and Unix-like operating systems. It can do many things, including handling date and time information. One useful task is getting yesterday’s date. This may seem simple, but it is very helpful in script writing and automation tasks. In this article, we’ll learn how to get yesterday’s date in Bash. We’ll start with basic Bash commands, learn about the date command, and finally, get yesterday’s date using Bash scripting. The date Command Before we get yesterday’s date, we need to understand the date command in…

In the world of system administration and shell scripting, handling dates and times is very important. Whether you’re scheduling tasks, rotating logs, or simply adding timestamps to files, knowing how to work with dates in your scripts can save you a lot of time and effort. Bash, the Bourne Again Shell, has powerful tools for this purpose. In this article, we’ll show you a simple example: how to get tomorrow’s date using Bash. There are several ways to do this, and we’ll go through a few examples using basic tools like date and GNU date. The Date Command in Bash…

Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) is a secure protocol for transferring files between local and remote servers. Unlike standard FTP, it uses SSH (Secure Shell) to encrypt all data transfers, protecting against common threats like data interception and packet sniffing. In this guide, we will detail the steps to set up an SFTP server on an Ubuntu machine. Prerequisites Before starting, ensure you have: A machine running Ubuntu (version 18.04 or later is recommended for the best compatibility) SSH installed on your Ubuntu machine. This is usually pre-installed on most Ubuntu distributions. Sudo privileges or root access to the Ubuntu…

Cron is a task scheduler in Unix-based operating systems. It is used to schedule commands or scripts to run periodically at fixed times, dates, or intervals. This feature can be particularly useful for automating system maintenance or administration tasks. One common use case for Cron is to automate scripts written in PHP, a popular server-side scripting language. This article will walk you through how to schedule a Cron job for a PHP script, providing practical examples for better understanding. Step 1: Understand the Basics of Cron Syntax Before setting up a Cron job, it is important to understand the basic…

In computing, especially on Unix and Unix-like operating systems such as Linux and macOS, there exists a concept of hidden files and directories. These are special types of files and directories that are not typically visible when listing contents in a file manager or a command-line interface. This article aims to provide an in-depth understanding of hidden files and folders in your home directory. The Concept of Hidden Files and Folders The central idea behind hidden files and directories is to prevent clutter while protecting important files from accidental modification or deletion. This is especially significant for configuration files, which…

In the world of operating systems, whether it’s Linux, MacOS, or Windows, the concept of a home directory plays a significant role in maintaining user data, privacy, and overall system organization. Understanding the importance and function of a home directory is essential for anyone who uses a computer. What is a Home Directory? The home directory, often denoted as ‘~’ in Unix and Unix-like systems, is a special directory assigned to a user when their account is created on the operating system. It’s a personal space where users can store files, create folders, and manage data without worrying about other…

In PHP, an array is a type of data structure that allows the storage of multiple elements, with each element in an array having a unique index. One common operation performed on arrays is comparing them to determine if they are identical or if they contain the same elements. There are several ways to compare arrays in PHP, including using array functions such as `array_diff()`, `array_intersect()`, and the `===` operator. This article provides a detailed guide on how to compare two arrays in PHP using these methods, illustrated with practical examples. Method 1: Using array_diff() Function The `array_diff()` function compares…

Ubuntu, a popular operating system based on the Linux kernel, offers robust functionality and stability. However, like any other digital environment, it is susceptible to data loss due to human error, hardware failure, or malware. Therefore, having a backup and restore strategy is paramount to maintaining the integrity of your Ubuntu system. This article provides a comprehensive guide on how to back up and restore your Ubuntu system effectively. Table of Contents Importance of Backups Choosing a Backup Tool Backup and Restoration using Deja Dup Backup and Restoration using Timeshift Advance Backup Options using CLI Backup and Restoration Best Practices…