Author: Rahul

Desktop environments are a collection of software packages and different components that run on top of an operating system and manage the look and feel (GUI; Graphical User Interface) of the operating system. They consist of window managers, text editors, folders, drag and drop functionality, and many other features to make it easier for the user to use an operating system. Desktop environments are super user-friendly and intuitive; they help the user access, manage and manipulate files easily. But they do not provide full control over the functionality/capabilities of the OS. To get the most out of an operating system…

SELinux (Security-Enhanced Linux) is a Linux kernel security module that provides enhanced security for Linux systems. SELinux provides a mechanism for supporting access control security policies. This specifies how the processes communicate with each other and interact with the files. It’s not a good practice to disable SELinux on a system, especially on production servers. For developer systems, you can disable it only if facing issues due to its policies. You may also like: A Practical Introduction to SELinux for Beginner Linux Users How to Configure SELinux for Apache New Directory Serving In this how-to-guide, you will learn to disable…

SFTP (SSH/Secure File Transfer Protocol) is a network transmission standard used to transfer, access, and manage files over a remote network. It contains SSH (Secure Shell), making it a lot more secure than the FTP protocol. Files are transferred through a single control channel in SFTP. It requires authentication and runs on port 22. In SFTP, the SSH shell provides encryption that helps protect usernames, passwords, and other personal data transferred through SFTP. In this how-to guide, we will learn to create SFTP users for web server document root. Step 1 – Installing SSH (Secure Shell) SFTP is a very…

Most Desktop computers and laptops come with a pre-installed Graphic Card. You can also upgrade or install a custom graphic card according to your requirements. The wildly popular graphic card manufacturers are Nvidia and AMD. We need drivers to configure and manage our graphic cards. The Ubuntu operating system has a default open-source driver named Nouveau for Nvidia Graphic Cards. This default driver is very unstable and does not offer reliability. It isn’t compatible with the latest hardware. The default drivers are mostly being used by old cards. These old cards are not by Nvidia anymore. Hardcore open-source believers and…

Shell, the command interpreter of an OS, processes the commands entered into the command line and widely used in Linux. A variable is like a pointer to a particular data and holds a particular value that could be anything. A user can create, delete or assign variables with the help of Shell. When a Shell is running there are three types of variables present: Local Variables Shell variables Environment variables In this tutorial, we will see how you can set Environment and Shell variables in Linux. What are Shell Variables? The Shell variables are specific to the current shell and…

All the Linux systems keeps the users information in /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow files. User password and account aging details are stored in the shadow file. The aging information contains the details of the password change and account status. In this tutorial, you will learn about forcing a user to change their password in Linux. Also will discuss the content stored in the shadow file. Force User to Change Password We use passwd command to create or change user passwords in Linux systems. It also allows us to expire any user’s password. Once the password is expired, the system will allow…

JavaScript Object Notation, or JSON, stands as a highly efficient format for data interchange. Primarily designed for data storage and transmission, it originates from JavaScript but has evolved to be independent of programming language. Its creation aimed at introducing a text-based format that is both human-readable and easy to use. This guide will explore handling JSON in Python, utilizing the built-in JSON package to manipulate JSON structures. 1. Parsing JSON to Python Dictionary The json.loads() function is essential for converting a JSON string into a Python dictionary, requiring the JSON data to be passed as a string. Consider the following…

The “chattr”, short for change attribute, is a command-line utility in Linux used to change attributes of a file e.g a, i. This command is primarily used to make various files immutable and undeletable for regular users. File management is a complicated process in Linux as it is a multi-user operating system. The administrators can change the attributes of a file using the “chattr” command so it cannot be accessed and changed by anyone except the superuser. This saves the important files from accidental deletion. In this write-up, we will focus on how to modify the attributes of a file…

Write a JavaScript program to calculate the sum of two integers and display the results. In this tutorial, we will show you two examples of adding two numbers. JavaScript Program to Add Two Numbers In this JavaScript program, we will calculate the sum of two numbers and print the results on the console. Here we will use the common + sign to add numbers.

Run the above example: Here we have defined two variables with static integer values. Then calculate the sum of both values and store them in a third variable. Finally, the result is displayed on the…

Instead of defining the variables directly, you can use Environmental variables in node.js. You can use the Environmental variable anytime when you want to change the value depending on the environment. There are various use cases here. If you start using the environmental variable, you won’t face issues where the client says “It doesn’t work in my system”. This guide will cover all the things you should know about defining the Environmental variables and how you can use them in node.js. It has a lot to do with the .env file a well as with server.js. So, let’s begin the…