Author: Rahul

A Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attack is a common cyber-security threat that can have severe consequences if not properly addressed. In this type of attack, a malicious actor intercepts, relays, and potentially alters the communication between two parties who believe they are communicating directly with each other. This article will delve into the threats posed by MITM attacks, the techniques used by attackers, and the countermeasures that individuals and organizations can use to protect themselves. Threats Posed by MITM Attacks The most apparent threat posed by MITM attacks is the unauthorized access to sensitive information. By intercepting the communication between two parties,…

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) is a protocol used in computer networking, with the primary role of translating physical network addresses (MAC addresses) into IP addresses. RARP is the inverse of the more widely recognized Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), which, conversely, translates IP addresses into MAC addresses. Understanding RARP: The Basics RARP operates at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model. RARP’s primary application was to support diskless workstations. These machines do not have a hard disk to store their IP addresses. Therefore, when they start up, they require a mechanism to discover their…

Git is a widely-used version control system that allows developers to manage and track the changes made to files in a project. Understanding Git’s terminologies and concepts, including untracked files, is key to effectively using Git for version control. This article will explore what untracked files are in Git, why they exist, and how to manage them. To ensure a comprehensive understanding, we’ll provide examples for each concept discussed. Understanding Untracked Files in Git In the Git version control system, an untracked file is simply a file that is not monitored by Git. When you create a new file in…

Git is one of the most popular Version Control Systems (VCS) currently in use, and it provides a wide range of commands to manage and manipulate the history of your codebase. Understanding these commands and their subtleties can significantly improve your efficiency and the way you work with a codebase. One such command is git reset, which comes with a few options that can significantly change its behavior: –soft, –mixed, and –hard. Introduction to Git Reset The git reset command is a powerful tool used to undo changes in a Git repository. It essentially allows you to move the HEAD…

Git, the popular distributed version control system, introduces a unique feature in its workflow known as the “staging area” or “index”. This intermediate space acts as a preparatory area for commits, providing developers with fine-grained control over their version history. To leverage Git to its full potential, it’s essential to grasp the concept and purpose of the staging area. 1. The Three-Tiered Architecture of Git Before delving into the specifics of the staging area, it’s crucial to understand the three-tiered architecture of Git: the Working Directory, the Staging Area, and the Git Repository. Working Directory: The working directory is where…

One of the most powerful aspects of Linux and Unix-based systems is their command-line interface (CLI). The CLI enables users to execute tasks with an unparalleled level of precision and control. Among the many tasks that can be performed via the command line, process management is arguably one of the most crucial. Process management includes starting, stopping, suspending, and resuming processes. However, there are times when a process may not respond as expected or become resource-intensive, leading to system slowdown or even a crash. At such times, it becomes necessary to forcefully terminate or ‘kill’ the process. This article provides…

Questions:- How do I flush Postfix mail queue? How to remove emails from mail queue in Sendmail? Sendmail flush mail queue commands? Sendmail remove differed emails from the queue? Sendmail empty the mail queue command line? Sendmail is a widely-used, open-source Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) included with many Unix and Linux-based systems. Its primary purpose is to send, receive, and route emails. However, sometimes it may encounter issues that cause emails to remain queued instead of being sent out. It is therefore crucial to know how to manage and flush the mail queue when necessary. This article will walk you…

In the realm of programming, one concept that holds an indisputable significance is the concept of a ‘function’. A function can be understood as a reusable piece of code designed to perform a specific task. Functions serve as the building blocks in the structure of a program and contribute significantly to reducing code redundancy and enhancing readability. By neatly packaging code snippets into functions, developers can create modular code that’s easier to understand, debug, and manage. Functions are integral in nearly every programming language, each providing unique syntax and constructs to define and use them. However, the underlying principle remains…

In the world of macOS, there are several different ways to install software, from the Mac App Store to downloading and running .dmg packages manually. However, these methods often require lots of clicking and user interaction. If you’re someone who likes the command-line interface, or if you’re looking for a way to automate installations, Homebrew-Cask can be a great tool. Let’s dive deep into this tool and learn how to use it effectively to master your macOS experience. 1. What is Homebrew-Cask?

In the vast world of Linux, understanding how your system is using memory is a fundamental skill. This knowledge allows you to monitor the health and performance of your system, diagnose issues, and optimize resource allocation. One of the most important commands in your toolkit for this purpose is the ‘free’ command. Despite its simplicity, ‘free’ provides valuable insight into your system’s memory usage. This beginner’s guide will take you through the basics of the ‘free’ command, helping you to understand how to interpret its output. Understanding the ‘free’ Command The ‘free’ command, as the name suggests, provides information about…