How to Check Open (Listening) Ports in Linux

In Linux, a port is a logical connection point for transmitting data between a client and a server. To ensure the security and functionality of a system, it is important to know which ports are open and listening for incoming connections. Ports are identified by a number, ranging from 0 to 65535.

There are three categories of ports in a Linux system:

• Well-known ports: These are the ports that are reserved for specific services and are assigned by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). Some examples of well-known ports are 22 for SSH, 80 for HTTP, and 443 for HTTPS.
• Registered ports: These are the ports that are registered with the IANA for specific purposes but are not reserved for specific services. These ports are typically used by specific applications or protocols.
• Dynamic and/or private ports: These are the ports that are not reserved or registered with the IANA and can be used by any application or protocol. These ports are typically used for temporary or ephemeral connections.

In this article, we will cover several methods for checking open ports in Linux.

How to Check Open Ports in Linux

To check open or listening ports in Linux, you can use the `netstat`, `ss`, `lsof`, and `nmap` commands.

1. Using the `netstat` Command

   The `netstat` command is a utility that displays network connections, routing tables, and a variety of network statistics. To check open ports in Linux with `netstat`, follow these steps:

   Open a terminal window and run the following command:

   sudo netstat -tulpn 
   

   The -t flag displays TCP connections, the -u flag displays UDP connections, the `-l` flag displays listening sockets, the `-p` flag displays the PID and name of the process, and the `-n` flag displays numerical addresses instead of symbolic names.

   Output
   Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address     Foreign Address   State       PID/Program name
   tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:22        0.0.0.0:*         LISTEN      534/sshd: /usr/sbin
   tcp        0      0 127.0.0.53:53     0.0.0.0:*         LISTEN      347/systemd-resolve
   tcp6       0      0 :::80             :::*              LISTEN      245266/apache2
   tcp6       0      0 :::22             :::*              LISTEN      534/sshd: /usr/sbin
   udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:5353      0.0.0.0:*                     409/avahi-daemon: r
   udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:52848     0.0.0.0:*                     409/avahi-daemon: r
   

   The output of the command will show a list of open ports and the corresponding processes.

2. Using the `lsof` Command

   The `lsof` command is a utility that lists open files on a system. To check open ports in Linux with lsof, follow these steps:

   Open a terminal window and run the following command:

   sudo lsof -i 
   

   The -i flag specifies the Internet address of a file.

   Output
   COMMAND      PID            USER   FD   TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
   systemd-r    347 systemd-resolve   13u  IPv4  25561      0t0  UDP 127.0.0.53:domain
   systemd-r    347 systemd-resolve   14u  IPv4  25562      0t0  TCP 127.0.0.53:domain (LISTEN)
   avahi-dae    409           avahi   12u  IPv4  26700      0t0  UDP *:mdns
   avahi-dae    409           avahi   14u  IPv4  26702      0t0  UDP *:52848
   sshd         534            root    3u  IPv4  27554      0t0  TCP *:ssh (LISTEN)
   sshd         534            root    4u  IPv6  27589      0t0  TCP *:ssh (LISTEN)
   sshd        4675            root    4u  IPv4 136177      0t0  TCP 192.168.1.210:ssh->192.168.1.10:52623 (ESTABLISHED)
   apache2   245266            root    4u  IPv6 686069      0t0  TCP *:http (LISTEN)
   apache2   245269        www-data    4u  IPv6 686069      0t0  TCP *:http (LISTEN)
   

   The output of the command will show a list of open ports and the corresponding processes.

   You can also check for the specific port number:

   sudo lsof -i :80 
   

3. Using the `ss` command

   The `ss` command is a utility that displays network sockets and their associated connections. To check open ports in Linux with `ss`, follow these steps:

   Open a terminal window and run the following command:

   ss -tulpn 
   

   The `-t` flag displays TCP connections, the `-u` flag displays UDP connections, the `-l` flag displays listening sockets, the `-p` flag displays the PID and name of the process, and the `-n` flag displays numerical addresses instead of symbolic names.

   The output of the command will show a list of open ports and the corresponding processes.

4. Using the `nmap` Command

   The `nmap` command is a utility that scans networks for hosts and services. To check open ports in Linux with `nmap`, follow these steps:

   Open a terminal window and run the following command:

   nmap -p- localhost 
   

   The `-p-` flag specifies a range of ports to scan. The `-` indicates that all ports should be scanned.

   The `localhost` argument specifies the target host to scan.

   The output of the command will show a list of open ports on the target host.

Conclusion

In this article, we covered several methods for checking open ports in Linux. We covered using the `netstat`, `ss`, `lsof`, and `nmap` commands to display a list of open ports and the corresponding processes. By using these methods, you can easily check open ports on your Linux system.

I hope this helps you understand how to check open ports in Linux. If you have any further questions, please don’t hesitate to ask.