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    You are at:Home»Linux Tutorials»Using Modulus Operator (%) in Bash

    Using Modulus Operator (%) in Bash

    By RahulMarch 6, 20232 Mins Read

    In programming, modulus or remainder is the operation that returns the remainder of a division. In Bash, the modulus operator is represented by the % symbol. The modulus operator is commonly used in programming to check if a number is divisible by another number or to perform operations that require a cyclic pattern. In this article, we will explore how to use the modulus operator in Bash.

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    Syntax:

    The syntax of the modulus operator in Bash is as follows:

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    expr num1 % num2

    Where num1 and num2 are the two numbers being operated on. The % symbol represents the modulus operator.

    Example 1: Checking if a number is even or odd

    The modulus operator can be used to determine whether a number is even or odd. An even number is one that is divisible by 2, while an odd number is not. The following code checks if a number is even or odd:

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    num=10
    if [ $(expr $num % 2) -eq 0 ]
    then
      echo "$num is even"
    else
      echo "$num is odd"
    fi
     
    #Output: 10 is even

    Example 2: Generating a cyclic pattern

    The modulus operator can also be used to generate a cyclic pattern. For example, if you want to print numbers from 1 to 10 repeatedly in a cyclic pattern, you can use the following code:

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    for i in {1..20}; do
      echo $((i % 10 + 1))
    done
     
    #Output: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

    Example 3: Checking for leap year

    The modulus operator can be used to check if a year is a leap year. A leap year is a year that is divisible by 4, except for years that are divisible by 100 but not by 400. The following code checks if a year is a leap year:

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    year=2024
    if [ $(expr $year % 4) -eq 0 -a $(expr $year % 100) -ne 0 -o $(expr $year % 400) -eq 0 ]
    then
      echo "$year is a leap year"
    else
      echo "$year is not a leap year"
    fi
     
    #Output: 2024 is a leap year

    Example 4: Calculating remainder

    The modulus operator can be used to calculate the remainder of a division. The following code calculates the remainder of dividing 10 by 3:

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    echo $(expr 10 % 3)
     
    #Output: 1

    Example 5: Checking for divisibility

    The modulus operator can be used to check if a number is divisible by another number. The following code checks if 10 is divisible by 5:

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    if [ $(expr 10 % 5) -eq 0 ]
    then
      echo "10 is divisible by 5"
    else
      echo "10 is not divisible by 5"
    fi
     
    #Output: 10 is divisible by 5

    Conclusion

    In this article, we have explored how to use the modulus operator in Bash. We have seen how the modulus operator can be used to determine whether a number is even or odd, generate a cyclic pattern, check for leap year, calculate remainder, and check for divisibility. The modulus operator is a powerful tool in programming that can be used in many different ways. Understanding how to use the modulus operator in Bash is essential for writing efficient and effective Bash scripts.

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    Related Posts

    Understanding 2>&1 in Bash: A Beginner’s Guide

    How to Choose the Best Shebang (#!) for Your Shell Scripts

    Calculate Remainder in Bash

    How to Calculate Remainder (%) of a Division in Bash

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