Author: Rahul

Git is a powerful version control system that helps developers manage code efficiently and collaborate with their teams. Two essential Git commands for working with remote repositories are ‘git pull’ and ‘git fetch’. Although they seem similar, understanding their differences is crucial for streamlining your Git workflow and maintaining a clean project history. In this article, we will explore the ‘git pull’ and ‘git fetch’ commands in-depth, explaining their unique features and when to use each one. ‘git fetch’: Syncing Remote Changes The ‘git fetch’ command is used to download changes from a remote repository to your local repository without…

Bash is a popular shell used in most Linux distributions. It provides various I/O redirection techniques that allow users to control how input and output are processed in their commands and scripts. One of the most commonly used I/O redirection techniques is 2>&1, which redirects standard error (stderr) to standard output (stdout). In this article, we will provide a beginner’s guide to understanding 2>&1 in Bash. What is 2>&1? 2>&1 is an I/O redirection operator used in Bash that redirects the stderr stream to the same destination as the stdout stream. In other words, it merges the error output with…

A shell script is a powerful tool for automating tasks on Unix-based systems. One common requirement when writing shell scripts is checking if a particular program or command exists on the system. This article will guide you through different methods to perform this check, allowing you to make your script more robust and reliable. Table of Contents: Using the command -v Utilizing the type command Relying on the which command Employing the hash command Tips for best practices 1. Using the command -v The `command -v` is a POSIX-compliant method for checking the existence of a program. It’s a built-in…

The shebang, also known as a “hashbang” or “sharpbang”, is an essential part of Bash scripts and other executable scripts in Unix-based systems. This seemingly simple line of code tells the operating system how to interpret and execute the script. In this article, we will explore the history and purpose of shebangs, common Bash shebangs and their meanings, how shebangs affect script portability, differences between shebangs in various Linux distributions, and tips for ensuring your Bash script runs as expected with the appropriate shebang. History and Purpose of Shebangs The shebang was introduced in Unix systems in the late 1970s…

Remote access to servers and other devices is a critical task for many professionals, including system administrators, developers, and IT technicians. SSH (Secure Shell) is a popular protocol used to connect to remote devices securely, and SSH clients are used to establish these connections. However, the command-line interface used by most SSH clients can be intimidating and difficult for some users. In this article, we’ll introduce you to some user-friendly SSH clients for Windows that make remote access easy. 1. MobaXterm MobaXterm is a user-friendly SSH client that’s designed for system administrators and power users. MobaXterm includes a tabbed interface,…

Postfix is a free tool used to send and receive emails on Linux systems. This guide shows you how to set up Postfix to send emails using Gmail’s SMTP service on Ubuntu or Debian systems. Since Google no longer allows “less secure apps,” we will use a Gmail App Password for secure access. Prerequisites Before you start, make sure you have: An Ubuntu or Debian-based system. A Gmail account with 2-Step Verification enabled. An App Password generated from your Google Account. Root or sudo access to the system. Step 1: Create a Gmail App Password You need to generate app…

PHP is a server-side scripting language that is used to develop dynamic web applications. Arrays are an essential part of PHP, and they allow developers to store and manipulate multiple values in a single variable. In this tutorial, we’ll discuss PHP arrays, their types, how to create and manipulate them, and some useful array functions. What is an Array in PHP? An array is a special type of variable that can store multiple values in a single variable. In PHP, arrays can store different types of data, such as integers, strings, and even other arrays. Each value in an array…

Flask is a popular and lightweight Python web framework that enables developers to build web applications with ease. One of the key aspects of deploying a Flask application is choosing the right web server and gateway interface. In this article, we will discuss how to deploy a Flask app using Apache and WSGI (Web Server Gateway Interface) on a Linux-based system. Apache is a powerful and widely-used web server, while WSGI is a standard interface between web servers and Python applications. This comprehensive guide will walk you through the entire process of deploying a Flask app with Apache and WSGI…

OpenSSL is a robust, full-featured open-source toolkit that implements SSL and TLS protocols, as well as a general-purpose cryptography library. It is widely used for managing SSL/TLS certificates, private keys, and Certificate Signing Requests (CSRs) in various systems. In this article, we’ll explore how to work with SSL certificates, private keys, and CSRs using OpenSSL, along with examples to help you understand each step. Introduction SSL Certificates: These digital certificates are used to establish a secure connection between a server and a client using SSL/TLS protocols. They contain information about the certificate holder, the certificate issuer, and the public key.…

Python is a popular programming language with a vast range of applications, including data science, web development, and automation. One of the most basic and essential data structures in Python is the list. A list is a collection of values or items that can be of any data type, including strings, integers, floats, and even other lists. In this article, we will explore how to create and read a list in Python. Creating a List To create a list in Python, we use square brackets [] and separate the items in the list using commas. Here is an example of…