A Step-by-Step Guide to Installing OpenDKIM with Postfix on Ubuntu – Unleash the Power of DKIM!

DKIM or DomainKeys Identified Mail is an authentication protocol used to validate the identity of a sender. It’s an important tool for preventing email spoofing, which is when a person impersonates another user and sends emails with their name and address. DKIM Key works by using an OpenDKIM or Domain Key to sign each message sent. The key is an encrypted string of characters unique to the sender and is used to verify the message comes from the sender’s domain. This makes it harder for malicious actors to send forged messages. DKIM Key also allows receivers to reject messages that fail authentication. This provides added protection against spoofing and other email-based attacks. It’s a crucial safety measure for any email server and one that can help protect your business and its customers.

This tutorial will provide you with a quick and easy way to setup DKIM (DomainKeys) with the Postfix Mail server running on Ubuntu and Debian-based systems.

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Prerequisites

Before we install and configure OpenDKIM for Postfix, we need to make sure that we have the necessary prerequisites in place.

• First and foremost, you will need a working Ubuntu system with root access.
• You will also need to have Postfix installed and configured.
• The last prerequisite is that you should have a valid domain name with DNS access.

Without these prerequisites in place, you will not be able to install and configure OpenDKIM on your server.

Step 1: Install Opendkim Package

Once you have all the prerequisites in place, you can start installing OpenDKIM. We will be using the apt package manager to install OpenDKIM on Ubuntu. To install OpenDKIM, you will need to run the following command:

sudo apt update 
sudo apt install opendkim opendkim-tools 

Then add the postfix user to the opendkim group.

sudo usermod -G opendkim postfix

Step 2: Generate Public and Private DKIM Keys

The next step is to create a proper directory structure to keep the Key files secure. Run the following commands to create a directory and set permissions.

sudo mkdir -p /etc/opendkim/keys 
sudo chown -R opendkim:opendkim /etc/opendkim
sudo chmod  744 /etc/opendkim/keys 

Now, generate your public and private DKIM keys using opendkim-genkey command line utility. All the commands are using “example.com” as a domain name. Replace it with your real domain name. We also need to choose a selector name, This can be any unique string, that helps Mail servers to identify the correct DKIM key from the DNS record. Below command will use default as selector key:

sudo mkdir /etc/opendkim/keys/example.com 
sudo opendkim-genkey -b 2048 -d example.com -D /etc/opendkim/keys/example.com -s default -v 

This command will generate a public and private key pair for you. The private key will be stored in the file “selector.private”, and the public key will be stored in the file “selector.txt”. In our case, The filenames are “default.private” and “default.txt”.

Once you have generated the keys, you will need to set appropriate permissions on the private key file:

sudo chown opendkim:opendkim /etc/opendkim/keys/example.com/default.private

Step 3: Setup DKIM Keys to Your DNS Record

Once you have generated the public and private DKIM keys, you will need to add them to your DNS record. To do this, you will need to add the TXT record to your DNS zone file. This record detail can be found under the default.txt file, generate with the private key:

sudo cat /etc/opendkim/keys/example.com/default.txt

You will see the output below:

default._domainkey      IN      TXT     ( "v=DKIM1; h=sha256; k=rsa; "
          "p=MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAwC/i/W8cVs5610MpSw1DmRWr5Dh7979SBpmSBpdzmKxyRr1S8hwapB2wWypouxS1RP3s9eEW9Oek2eKNAySZUvb6vQgUP+EK5sBuNe/bR4yvyc9pH9+eR2qvEmky4xksSNaS34F74ZUshwV1QSn8eG/5lTrxJD5TUv3/AymqsmOyT5ya9ga0smNtz+3yP9zAbMsGysnVFS2EQN"
          "9fIUc3S7tqpN9FJhcZG7DVfqcMNUDP7q+9cbu/i9UoFmRbuQW3em1JSGFnu0IwRfnmgPvH4dwjLL9DzXkC576RusuFiDjXzgOtTn/KOHUJ1MoF/vp52hwi+QZPPRfF3ILZbe/+0wIDAQAB" )  ; ----- DKIM key default for tecadmin.net

Remove all the quotes (“) and blank spaces from the record value, then publish it to the DNS zone. See the below screenshot:

You can verify the DNS record by running the following command.

sudo opendkim-testkey -d example.com -s default -vvv 

Step 4: Confiugring OpenDKIM

Once OpenDKIM has been installed and you have generated the DKIM public-private keys. you will need to configure it. To do this, you will need to edit the configuration file located at /etc/opendkim.conf. In this file, you will need to set the following parameters:

1. Edit the main configuration file in your favorite text editor:

   sudo nano /etc/opendkim.conf 
   

2. Uncomment these values and configure as below:

   Syslog                  	yes
   LogWhy                 		yes 
   
   Canonicalization        	relaxed/simple
   Mode                    	sv
   SubDomains              	no
   OversignHeaders         	From
   

   The LogWhy option enables the more detailed logs for troubleshooting:

3. Now add the following values

   AutoRestart			yes
   AutoRestartRate			10/1M
   Background			yes
   DNSTimeout			5
   SignatureAlgorithm		rsa-sha256
   

   

4. Next make sure that UserID is set to opendkim:

   # Remember to add user postfix to group opendkim
   UserID             opendkim
   

5. Now, append the following entries to the end of the file.

   KeyTable            refile:/etc/opendkim/key.table
   SigningTable        refile:/etc/opendkim/signing.table
   ExternalIgnoreList  /etc/opendkim/trusted.hosts
   InternalHosts       /etc/opendkim/trusted.hosts
   

6. Save and close /etc/opendkim.conf configuration file.
7. Now, edit the SigningTable in text editor.

   sudo nano /etc/opendkim/signing.table 
   

   Add the following entries.

   *@example.com    default._domainkey.example.com
   *@*.example.com    default._domainkey.example.com
   

   Save and close the file.

8. Next, edit the KeyTable file:

   sudo nano /etc/opendkim/key.table 
   

   Add the following entry.

   default._domainkey.example.com     example.com:default:/etc/opendkim/keys/example.com/default.private
   

   Save the file and close it.

9. Next, edit the trusted.hosts file:

   sudo nano /etc/opendkim/trusted.hosts 
   

   Add your domain name and localhost entries to the newly created file. This tells OpenDKIM that if an email is coming from localhost or from the same domain, then OpenDKIM should only sign the email but ignore the DKIM verification.

   127.0.0.1
   localhost
   
   .example.com
   

   Save and close the file.

10. Restart OpenDKIM Service

    sudo systemctl restart opendkim 
    

Step 5: Configure Postfix With OpenDKIM

The next step is to configure Postfix to use OpenDKIM.

1. First we will change OpenDKIM socket file location. Lets create a new directory with the following commands:

   sudo mkdir /var/spool/postfix/opendkim 
   sudo chown opendkim:postfix /var/spool/postfix/opendkim 
   

2. Now edit the OpenDKIM configuration file in a text editor:

   sudo nano /etc/opendkim.conf 
   

   Search for the Socket entry and update it as following:

   Socket    local:/var/spool/postfix/opendkim/opendkim.sock
   

3. Next edit the /etc/default/opendkim file:

   sudo nano /etc/default/opendkim 
   

   And set the SOCKET entry as below:

   SOCKET="local:/var/spool/postfix/opendkim/opendkim.sock"
   

4. Next, you will need to edit the configuration file located at /etc/postfix/main.cf. In this file, you will need to add the following parameters:
   • milter_default_action – This is the default action to be taken when a message is received.
   • milter_protocol – This is the protocol to be used when communicating with OpenDKIM.
   • smtpd_milters – This is the list of milters that Postfix will use.

   sudo nano /etc/postfix/main.cf 
   

   Add the following lines at the end of this file, so Postfix will be able to call OpenDKIM via the milter protocol.

   # Milter configuration
   milter_default_action = accept
   milter_protocol = 6
   smtpd_milters = local:opendkim/opendkim.sock
   non_smtpd_milters = $smtpd_milters
   

5. Once you have added the parameters, you will need to restart the OpenDKIm and Postfix services. To do this, you will need to run the following command:

   sudo systemctl restart opendkim 
   sudo systemctl restart postfix 
   

   This command will restart the both service, and you will be ready to send emails using OpenDKIM.

Step 6: Test DKIM

Send an email from system terminal as below:

mail -s "Welcome home" [email protected] 
cc:
Your email content goes here

Press CTRL+D to sent the email and get the terminal back. Watch the log files, On successful setup, you will see an log entry

Check the email source. I have used my personal Gmail account to test this setup. I have received emails with the following header.

You can follow our next article, to create a DMARC record for your domain.

Conclusion

In this step-by-step guide, I have shown you how to install and configure OpenDKIM with Postfix on Ubuntu. I have also shown you how to generate the necessary public and private DKIM keys, and add them to your DNS record. Finally, I have shown you how to configure Postfix to use OpenDKIM. So, if you are looking to secure and protect your email traffic, DKIM is a great tool to use. Give it a try, and unleash the power of DKIM!

If this article helped you out and you want to know more about OpenDKIM, you should check out our other articles on the topic. We have detailed guides on how to install and configure OpenDKIM on various platforms, as well as troubleshooting tips and best practices. So, make sure to check them out!